Prof Hussein Ahmed Warsame

The Soviet Union-made aircraft which was on lease to Daallo Airlines that took us from Djibouti arrived at Hargeisa airport on time: 10:40 AM, July 21, 2005. I was apprehensive but happy to land at an airport that I last flew from twenty three years ago. Physically not much has changed. But I was so disoriented that I thought I landed on an alien airport. Before I had time to act on my disorientation, I heard my name being called by a former student of mine who happened to be an employee of Daallo Airlines. Dhimbiil, the younger brother of the late Galbeedi who was a colleague of mine, helped me deal with the immigration procedures. In few minutes and after payment of twenty dollars for airport duty and exchanging thirty dollars for Somaliland Shillings at the Bank Rate which is about half the market rate, I proceeded to the exit door where my brother, Bashir, and several cousins were waiting for me. Hassan Halas, a former university classmate and a cousin, collected me in his MarkII car. In not more than three minutes we reached a control station made up of two short poles and a rope guarded by two very skinny soldiers in uniform. They looked at us, uttered few words to Hassan and allowed us to proceed without further delay.

Hassan Halas pointed to a beautiful and grand looking building that he said is the Ambassador Hotel. But I was more interested in looking at the people and assessing their physical condition. In few minutes, and after concluding that the only difference between these people and the people who used to populate this city twenty three years ago is the extent to which the current male population is dressed in Western garments, I shifted my gaze to the buildings along the road. The buildings looked so small and the roads so rough. I think I was subconsciously comparing them to the high rises in Canadian or UAE cities. It was apparent that most of the buildings were rehabilitated after being partially or completely destroyed during the war with Siyad Barre’s regime and the ensuing civil war when the regime fell. Other buildings were newly erected. Unfortunately the roads did not receive similar attention as they are not privately owned. But the ill condition of the roads does not appear to have discouraged people from owning and driving cars on those roads. The resulting traffic jam was just as bad as in Montreal of Canada or Dubai of UAE. The only difference was in the amount of dust in the air and in the number of pedestrians braving through the traffic of cars in Hargeisa. Noticing the surprised look on my face, Hassan commented that in “Hargeisa and else where in Somaliland, the pedestrians, and not the drivers, have the right to the streets.” We were going to visit the residences of my family members near Hargeisa Radio station, a distance that would normally take us not more than fifteen minutes. But it took us almost forty five minutes.

The Road to Borama

After dining on a nice lunch prepared in the home of my uncle, Hagi Daud Warsame, and visiting my sister and her children, we continued on a taxi to Borama to visit other immediate family members, especially my mother. The distance between Hargeisa and Borama is about 125 kms. The first 97 kms of the road is paved and is in fairly drivable condition. However, I could not believe how bad the condition of the road was for the remaining 28 kms; that is the distance between Dilla and Borama. It took us about an hour to cover the distance between Hargeisa and Dilla. It took us another hour to cover the remaining 28 kms. When I complained about the condition of the road, my companions joked that the roads in other Somaliland regions belong to the government, but the roads in the Awdal region only belong to Allah. Later I was told about another joke. It goes as follows: a woman from Burao was visiting Borama for the first time with her-in-laws. She was under the impression that since the president is from Awdal, the region would be ahead of other regions in terms of reconstruction. After seeing the road between Dilla and Borama and the roads in Borama she exasperatingly uttered “I forgave this guy (meaning the president). He could not even build one mile of asphalt road in his home region.” But my companions commented that the condition of the road is actually better than it was two years ago. They told me that, even though tar was not added, the road was rock-strewn and leveled only two years ago. Torrential rains removed the top soil and exposed sharp edged rocks. Later I learned that it would take only $40,000 per km or about one millions dollars to pave the road and add tar. I had the opportunity to share this information with President Dahir Rayale Kahin when we met at the 2005 Amoud University graduation ceremony and later when a meeting was arranged for me with him in his office in Hargeisa The president was very sympathetic, but tactfully explained to me that a one-million-dollar figure is a mountain for a government that operates on a budget of twenty five million dollars only. He, however, informed me that the road to Borama is second in priority only to the road between Berbera and Togwajale. He said that he will find a way to finish it. But he also appealed for help from the Diaspora Somalilanders.

In a nutshell, nothing tangible came out of my discussions with the president in terms of immediate remedy for the ill-condition of the road between Dilla and Borama. The president is looking for a long-term and externally financed solution. But the road needs an immediate attention. From discussions that I had with well informed people in Hargeisa, I learned that some petty cash that may help the situation could be available from the Somaliland Road Authority (SRA) which gets money from a levy on car fuel sold in Somaliland. All that is needed, I was told, is for a pressure group to appear before the SRA board of directors and convince them of the severity of the situation. I communicated this information to some Awdal community elders and intelligentsia that I think have weight. I very recently learned that some fundraising is going on in Borama and that a pressure group may soon visit Hargeisa. When that happens, the Diaspora people are expected to do their part.

The City of Borama

From 1980 to 1982, I was a teacher and vice-principal in an Agricultural High School in Amoud, Borama. I was fortunate enough to drive around the city in a V8- Land Drover. I, therefore, thought that I knew fairly well about the streets and main landmarks of the city. But when I returned back after twenty three years, I could only recognize the hills and few other landmarks. The city at least quadrupled in size and in population since 1982. It was then a town of about 40,000. I now estimate it to be between 135,000 and 150,000 in population, although Diaspora Somalilanders claim that about 200,000 people live in Borama.

One of the major improvements in the features of the city is the hotel I stayed in. Rays Hotel, which is built at the north end of the city, is a three storey hotel that provides the services of a five-star hotel for the price of a two-star hotel in the West. Room prices range from $15 to $35 depending on size and floor. Room services include hot water, telephone, satellite TV and internet connections. Laundry and food services are also available for a very reasonable price. The employees and management are honest, efficient, and seemed well trained. Overall, I really enjoyed my fifteen-day stay in Rays Hotel.

The other major improvement in Borama is the management of the water supply system. Water wells originally built by the British colonial authority and later expanded by the Chinese government were rehabilitated with a grant from USAID. After multilateral meetings and discussions by the local government, Somaliland ministry of water and mineral resources, and other stakeholders including Amoud University intelligentsia, the management of the water supply was given to a new privately and locally owned company. The company, called SHABA (Shirkadda Adeegyada Biyaha Awdal) or Awdal Utility Corporation, which is now in its second year of operation, has made noticeable improvements to the water supply system and services. Most of the city people with whom I spoke about the water supply system were happy with it. Some, however, feel that, given their low income, the price charged for the services, which is the same as the price charged by the old administration, is little bit too steep. To address some of those concerns, SHABA made kiosks and free standing tanks available at a lower price or in certain cases for free.

The things that distressed me most about the city included the conditions of the roads. The city is mostly on rocky hills. Rains have removed the top soil and exposed sharp rocks or made deep holes. Walking during the night without a flashlight was impossible. But even during the day, it was difficult for me to walk without looking down at my feet all the time. Traveling by taxi is possible but not that pleasurable either.

I did not see wide spread malnutrition in the people. But I did not see many riches either. Unemployment is almost 90%. Of about 30 young men and women from my own extended family that I met, only three had some kind of employment. The majority of those young men and women can read and write, many of them having attained high school diplomas. There is just nothing for them to do in the city. It also seems that the farmers abandoned their farms. I visited some farms that I knew had the capacity to produce large quantities of corn and sorghum. I was disappointed at the sight of those farms. Even though rains were plenty this year, very few farms were ploughed and seeded. I walked through some of the corn and sorghum seedlings and sprouts and was shocked at the amount of weeds that they have to compete with for nourishment. After neglecting their farms, most of the men are in the city chasing after a twig of khat.

Overall, life in Borama puzzled me. Few people are working. Yet, very few people look malnourished and most of the men are chewing Khat almost every day. There is extremely high youth unemployment. Yet, crime rate is very low. Explanations may include the effect of the Somali culture of sharing. I was told that services and employment support around 15% of the population in Borama. The rich or well off people account for another 10%. About 25% of the families in Borama receive some remittances from relatives in the Diaspora. Another 25% are poor people who depend on those that receive remittances. The rest or 25% are considered to be destitute. The Somaliland minister of planning, Mr. Ahmed Haji Dahir, informed me that total remittances from Diaspora Somalilanders and international NGOs during 2004 was 435 millions dollars. The whole Somaliland budget is 25 million dollars. Livestock used to be the main hard currency earner for Somalia until Saudi Arabia shut its doors to this export. It seems that remittance not only has replaced livestock as Somaliland’s main hard currency source, it also seems that life in Somaliland runs on it.

Amoud University

Besides my main objective of visiting immediate family members, I came to participate in the graduation ceremony for the fourth group that graduate from Amoud University which was to take place on July 27, 2005. Upon my arrival at Rays Hotel I was informed that I was allotted five to ten minutes in the ceremony proceedings. To get an idea about the operations of the university before I make my speech, I visited the main campus of the university at Amoud. The campus includes the buildings and grounds of the ex-Amoud Seconday School and the ex-Agricultural High School. Some of the buildings were remodeled to suit university needs. The only new buildings added to the campus are a mosque and two washroom facilities (toilets). Just few days before I arrived, the university got possession of a rehabilitated water well. It therefore hopes to add green spaces to the campus.

Amoud University which started in 1998 with three instructors, 60 students, eight encyclopedia books, one computer and one tractor for a transport now boasts of 46 instructors, enrollment of 600 students, a library with hundred thousand titles, three computer labs with 80 computers, eight busses, one land cruiser, and one pickup. It has working relationships with ten international universities that include Al Jaziera University and Alexandria Medical College of Egypt and King’s College of United Kingdom.

The July 27, 2005 graduation list consisted of 118 students. The university has graduated about 200 students before this batch which is the fourth for Amoud University. All the graduates in this batch were from the faculties of Business Administration and Education. Some of the graduating students received diplomas in administration and education. The existence of the diploma programs, especially the education one, which is co-funded by the European Union and Danida and jointly implemented by the Center for British Teachers Training, Somaliland Ministry of Education and Amoud University, is probably the main reason why Amoud University was chosen to establish an open distance and e-learning center for Somaliland and Somalia. The center will be funded by the African Development Bank (ADB) and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and will offer certificates and diplomas in professional programs and certificates, diplomas and degrees in teaching science and mathematics, all through information technology. The Faculty of Medicine and Surgery plans to graduate its first batch of seven students in 2007. Faculty of Natural Resources will be inaugurated in September 2005 when it is expected to admit its first 30 students into the Department of Agriculture.

Amoud University has had its ups and downs. Probably the most notable low occurred when, in 2003, the hardworking brothers, Mr. Ahmed Hashi Abib and Dr. Abdillahi Hashi Abib resigned from their positions as vice president internal and vice president external, respectively, after a rift with President Suleiman Ahmed Gulaid and other members of Amoud University administration and faculty. As neither of the groups had apparently any intention of derailing the workings of the university, the dispute was contained by stakeholders led by the three members of the Board of directors, namely Hagi Jama Muhumed, Hagi Dahir Elmi, and Hagi Ahmed Mizan. The dispute did have some negative consequences for the university in terms of remittances from the Diaspora. But the university did survive by raising tuition, which now covers 70% of the $190,000 per year budget, and by tapping into other external and internal sources of funds. The university is, however, still in debt to the tune of $80,000 in the form of back salaries, mostly to faculty members.

The university’s reputation in the Awdal community is high. However, quite of a few people, especially those learned ones who are not involved in the operations of the university, are critical of its organizational structure and hence its accountability. They are especially critical of the high profile of the president, Suleiman Ahmed Gulaid, and the low profile of the Board of Directors which still consist of three clan elders. When I asked if Suleiman is a liability to the university, the reaction was a swift “NO…NO, he is the most important asset.” The overwhelming majority also do not believe that the president receives undue financial benefits from the university. The criticism boils down to a suspicion that Suleiman has not so far created a structure that would insure the university’s survival if, Allah forbids, something happens to him. Of course, I met some people who still think that the university is run as a sub-clan firm. But they are so few.

I also had discussions with members of Amoud University faculty, administration, and board of directors. They are very aware of their successes but are also cognizant of their shortcomings. They are very optimistic about the university’s future. They point to the fact that they can now cover the running costs of their operations; that they were able to hire some of their own graduates who added new energy to the university; that they were able to secure outside scholarships for some of their new faculty members; that they were able to attract some high profile Diaspora returnees, such as Dr. Yasin I. Magan (Aburaas) who is funded by UNESCO. They told me that one of the most efficient ways that the Diaspora can contribute to the university is to sponsor people like Yasin to return home and by providing these individuals with adequate salaries and other incentives. Another project that would definitely help raise the profile of the university, the elders, especially Hagi Dahir Elmi, Hagi Ahmed Mizan, Sh. Abdillahi Sh. Ali Jowhar, and Sultan Ibrahim Jama Samatar, explained to me, is to build a home for the faculty of Medicine and Surgery. It now operates in a two-floor building in downtown Borama which is rented for them by the Amoud Foundation of Dallas, USA. The elders told me that the Somaliland government transferred to them a very large piece of land in Borama to build a new campus for the faculty. They would like to get help from the Diaspora to initiate building this campus.

After listening to many stakeholders of Amoud University, including newer graduates, and learning about its operations, I came to the conclusion that the university is in a much better shape than I expected. The main area that needs addressing, I thought, was the restructuring of the Board of Directors. Fortunately, I and a visiting delegate from Minnesota consisting of Mr. Said Salah Ahmed (yes; the play writer) and Mr. Mohamed Allabari, had a very frank discussion with notable personalities of the university that included, Professors Ahmed Abdillahi Boqore, Said Ahmed Walhad, and Ahmed Nooh Alin, and Board member, Hagi Ahmed Mizan, about the constitution of the Board of Directors. We, especially Mr. Said Salah, pointed out to the group from the university that a board of directors that includes outsiders with technical knowledge about universities and subject areas would add credibility and transparency to the operations of the university. Hagi Ahmed Mizan stated that he is confident that the other members of the Board of Directors would also welcome an expanded Board with more powers and with more technical knowledge about universities. Professor Boqore informed us that the president some time ago instituted an administration policy of delegating most of the operations of the university to department heads and deans. That gave the president more time to concentrate on external issues and fundraising. He also informed us that the administration was thinking of re-instituting the defunct technical committee, and if need be, of expanding the Board of directors. After a long discussion, we agreed that the university has to expand the Board of Directors and institute an advisory board that includes people with technical knowledge.

Politics

Not many people in Borama were aware of my arrival in the city before I gave my short speech at Amoud University graduation on July 27, 2005. That has changed quickly after TV Borama and the new government owned TV in Hargeisa carried the proceedings of the graduation ceremony in their nightly news. My short speech was a small part of the proceedings. But because of its close proximity to the speech of the president of Somaliland, Dahir Rayale Kahin, I was told that it was given an undue exposure. In my short speech, among other things, I talked about the fact that the condition of the road between Dilla and Borama is worse than it was 23 years ago when I last traveled on it. In a segment that I gave advice to the graduates, I painted a gloomy picture of their employment opportunities. I lamented the fact that Somaliland’s business people seem not to have yet learned about the virtues of hiring a graduate from a different sub-clan and the fact that the government is not yet able to create jobs for them. I told them that, now that they have the knowledge, they should be able to create jobs themselves. I also told them to enthusiastically participate in their government’s experiment with democracy and elections. I argued that development theorists now believe and propagate that economic development follows democracy and not the other way around. I also argued that these theories are in conformity with the ideology of the new World Bank president, Dr. Paul Wolfowitz, and the G-8 Countries Plan for Africa. To counter the influence of the soviet bloc, the World Bank was for some decades willing to finance projects in countries run by authoritarian governments. It was hoping that once the authoritarian government creates a middle class, it would be forced to engage in democratization. With the exception of few countries, like South Korea, that hope has not materialized and the World Bank and G-8 countries are now cognizant of that failure. But I also indicated that the impending parliamentary elections must be conducted fairly and be seen to be fairly conducted for the world to notice. I, therefore, implored the new graduates to act as their government’s conscience during the election.

Some controversial statements in my short speech did not go unnoticed by President Rayale and several of his cabinet members who accompanied him to the graduation ceremony. In a short reception that followed the convocation, I was introduced to several cabinet ministers. I had a chance to talk to some of those cabinet members in two Khat sessions and at my hotel where they were also staying. I also met the president the day after the convocation for a general discussion about the role of the Diaspora in Somaliland’s development. During those discussions, I learned that the government is having difficulty in financing its operations let alone embarking on development projects. I learned that the salaries of employees are so low that even general directors of Ministries are not motivated to appear for work. I learned that it is very difficulty and almost impossible, for a minister to fire those general directors for fear of upsetting the reigning clan equilibrium. I learned that in the rare occasions that the President fires a director general or a minister, he creates a chain reaction which results in the appointment of a director or minister from the same sub-clan. Yet, the President and the Ministers are upbeat about the future of Somaliland. They recount some successes from their diplomatic overtures to Africa, Europe, and the USA. They believe that they have been quietly laying the groundwork for a sustainable lift off of the economy. I was impressed with their frankness about both of their weaknesses and strengths. I was also impressed with their self confidence and the confidence that they have in the efficacy of their secessionist project, although I still think they are misguided.

In a Khat session that I had with some of the ministers and the second most powerful officer in Somaliland’s central intelligence unit, it came out that they knew all along that I was a federalist Somalilander. Halfway into the session, I was challenged to explain what Somaliland can gain from a re-union with Southern Somalia. I tried to argue on principle and avoid any mention of the federalist’s current weak situation. I also thought that I bested them when I turned the table on them and asked them how they can attain international recognition with no hope of solving the Sool and Eastern Sanag dispute. But, they got a lot of mileage from their tactic of making federalism synonymous with constantly failing, externally sponsored government building exercises. I was impressed with their knowledge of what was going on in the federalist camp. I was also impressed with their ability to argue their point without losing their temper. In fact, I thought I had a better discussion with them than I usually have with secessionist Somalilanders in Canada, USA, and the United Arab Emirates.

Parliamentary elections: clan or party hegemony

When I arrived in Borama, the three political parties, UDUB, UCID and Kulmiye, were finalizing their list of candidates. The voting was originally supposed to take place on September 15, 2005. It was later rescheduled to take place on September 29. Using the 1960 seat sharing formula, Awdal was allotted 13 seats in the 82 seat parliament. There was uproar at the beginning about the low number. But the President was apparently able to convince his home region that the formula will not set a precedent for future elections as these will be based on one man one vote formula. As a result, each of the three political parties was expected to field 13 candidates for competition. Theoretically, since Somaliland is supposed to have moved from a clan based system to a multi-party system, the clan balancing act was to be abandoned. But so far neither the political parties nor the populace has devised an acceptable merit based formula for fielding candidates. They therefore resorted to a hybrid of sub-clan systems and multi-party systems.

While all the three political parties are expected to get some votes in Awdal, there is a perception that the government party, UDUB, will dominate. Kulmiye is expected to a get a decent number of votes, and UCID is expected to get some seats. Therefore, clan chiefs competed for the opportunity to put their candidates in the UDUB list. The President, as the head of UDUB had to make critical decisions. Some of those decisions did disappoint certain sub-clans. But it seems that the people took it in stride and I did not hear about an uproar.

UDUB was expected to make the first move in fielding its candidates. When the final lists came out, it seemed that Kulmiye and UDUB copied each other in terms of clan balance. The Gadaboursi clan which dominates the Awdal region generally divides itself into three sub-clan groups: The Habar Cafaan, the Maxad Case, and the Makaahiil. The Ciise clan is also expected to get some representation in the parliament. As it turned out, all the clans and sub-clans are represented in the list of candidates of each party. I was informed that the plurality of UDUB and Kulmiye candidates are from the Makaahiil sub-clan, while the plurality of the UCID candidates are from the Habar Cafaan sub-clan. Given the complex interaction of divided clan and party loyalties, it is difficult to devise a winning formula.

If the vote counting rules are followed as they are written, no political party is likely to win all the 13 seats. According to the rules each vote has some value. Each party will get a number of seats commensurate to the votes it received. These seats will then be given to the candidates according to the number of votes he/she received. As an example, if 130,000 people vote in Awdal region, and say, UCID receives 20,000 votes, UCID will get 20,000/130,000 x 13 or 2 seats. UCID will give the seats to the two candidates in its list who received the highest number of votes. Assuming that the voting takes place in an orderly manner and no multiple voting occurs, the results can not be predicted easily. UDUB is hoping that the people will vote for the party of the President who is from Awdal. But individuals may vote for candidates from their sub-clans regardless of party affiliation.

There is only one woman candidate in the region. Her name is Ikran Hagi Daud Warsame (yes, she is my cousin) and she is representing Kulmiye. Although Kulmiye received a very respectable number of votes in Awdal during the presidential elections, its chairman, Mr. Silanyo, seems to have written off the region as UDUB territory and has not so far seriously campaigned in the region. But Ikran seems to be very popular among women in Awdal and Awdal Diaspora due to her willingness to spearhead or participate in family and women related projects in the region. Before my arrival in Awdal, I was not that optimistic about her success. The last time I saw Ikran was twenty three years ago. Since then, she got a husband and gave birth to ten healthy children. I was expecting a woman beaten by the times and the difficulty circumstances in Somaliland. Instead, I saw a very self-confident, dynamic, articulate, and beautiful woman. I certainly now share her admirers’ optimism for her election. But, Ikran does not want to take anything for granted and is working hard to get those votes out. She is one of only seven women candidates in a list of 246 candidates throughout Somaliland. I was impressed with the activities of the Somaliland minister for women’s affairs, Ms Fadumo Suudi, who, although supposedly an UDUB member, works very hard to see all those seven women elected regardless of their party affiliations.

Final points

Before I arrived, I had some idea about the situation in Borama and Somaliland in general. I knew that Somalia is the second poorest country in the world. But nothing really prepared me for the extent that people’s life has deteriorated during the last twenty three years since I left that part of the country. It seems that these people lost the ability to produce. Almost all the businesses in the country are imports and resale. The country even imports salt which it used to export. A typical work day in a government office is less than five hours long. Once the Khat arrives from Ethiopia at about 11:00 AM, and at a cost of 60 million dollars per year in Somaliland alone, all adult males abandon their jobs. It seems that people, especially men, have lost the ability to work. Somaliland, like the rest of Somalia, runs on remittances from the Diaspora and from international agencies. It is a land of consumers. Yet, Somalilanders and their government are optimistic about the future. They say that good days are just around the corner. The government believes that it laid the foundation for a lift off of the economy. It is banking on the democratization process and an international recognition as a country.

There are certainly bright spots in Borama and else where in Somaliland. Some of these bright spots for the future of Somaliland include the universities in Amoud, Hargeisa, and Burao. I was fortunate to meet with the president of Hargeisa University, Prof Abdi Haybe, who gave me a description of the university’s programs. I was also given a tour by an MBA classmate of mine, Prof. Mohamed Farah. The university, which is housed in a former secondary school complex, has the look of a typical small university in North America. Most of its programs of study are similar to those of Amoud University. The graduates of Amoud and Hargeisa universities are already making a difference. The manager and the accountant of Rays Hotel in Borama are graduates of Amoud University’s business school. The financial controller of the elections’ committee is a graduate of Amoud Business School. Some of the most active employees of Hargeisa municipality are graduates of Hargeisa University’s Business School. These employees do not chew Khat and work longer hours than older government employees. They could serve as the ingredients for the much needed social and cultural rehabilitation of the Somali male population.

Burao University ’s first batch of students is now sophomore. I was told that the idea of a university in Burao itself has already served as an impetus for attitude changes in that society. People decided not to wait for a government to fix their problems. They are building bridges and psychiatric hospitals without much help from governments. Within a couple of years, the first graduates of Burao University will be on the market and will affect more positive changes.

A faculty that attracted my attention and which may prove the most useful in Somaliland’s development is the Law Faculty of Hargeisa University. Somaliland is forging a democratic system of governance and an open and market economy. But so far it does not have the legal capacity to build democracy and or market economy. Graduates from the Law Faculty will contribute tremendously to building that capacity. The hottest development issue nowadays is the property rights issue. Some economists, like Hernando De Soto, convincingly argue that capitalism can work properly in the developing world and poverty could be alleviated if the “dead capital” in these countries is reactivated by instituting proper and trust worthy property formal registration. Countries like Peru and Egypt that experimented with this concept has already seen the emergence of viable mortgaging and banking businesses. Due to the investment in housing by a large number of Somaliland Diaspora, both Borama and Hargeisa are littered with large buildings and other properties that are nothing but “dead capital” since they can not be used for leverage to create businesses. Graduates of the law faculty will be handy to create trust worthy property registration. I discussed this concept with the president of Somaliland, Dahir Rayale Kahin, who seemed to appreciate its merit.

The future is in education and in educational institutions.

Prof Hussein Ahmed Warsame
UAE University , Al-Ain, UAE
E-mail: hwarsame@uaeu.ac.ae

Prof Hussein Ahmed Warsame, PhD, is a tenured faculty member at University of Calgary, Canada. He has been on contract to United Arab Emirates University at Al-Ain, UAE, since September, 2004.

The opinions contained in this article are solely those of the writer, and in no way, form or shape represent the editorial opinions of "Hiiraan Online"